Le yiyo yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga noKhuseleko lweLaser
Ukhuseleko lweLaser luxhomekeke kwiklasi yelaser osebenza nayo.
Okukhona liphezulu inani leklasi, kokukhona kufuneka uthathe amanyathelo okhuseleko.
Ngalo lonke ixesha nikela ingqalelo kwizilumkiso kwaye usebenzise izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela xa kufuneka.
Ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kwelaser kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlala ukhuselekile ngelixa usebenza okanye ujikeleze iilaser.
I-Lasers zihlelwe kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kumanqanaba abo okhuseleko.
Nantsi inkcazo ecacileyo yeklasi nganye kunye noko kufuneka ukwazi malunga nabo.
Ziziphi iiklasi zeLaser: Zicacisiwe
Qonda iiKlasi zeLaser = Ukwandisa ulwazi loKhuseleko
Iklasi 1 Lasers
I-laser yodidi loku-1 lolona hlobo lukhuselekileyo.
Azinabungozi emehlweni ngexesha lokusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, nangona zijongwa ixesha elide okanye ngezixhobo zokukhanya.
Ezi lasers zihlala zinamandla aphantsi kakhulu, zihlala zimbalwa nje iimicrowatts.
Kwezinye iimeko, iilaser ezinamandla aphezulu (ezifana neKlasi yesi-3 okanye iKlasi yesi-4) zivalelwe ukuzenza udidi loku-1.
Umzekelo, abashicileli belaser basebenzisa iilaser ezinamandla amakhulu, kodwa ekubeni zivalelwe, zijongwa njengeelasesi zodidi loku-1.
Awudingi ukuba nexhala malunga nokhuseleko ngaphandle kokuba izixhobo zonakele.
Iklasi ye-1M Lasers
Iilaser zeKlasi ye-1M ziyafana neeLaser zodidi loku-1 kuba zikhuselekile ngokubanzi emehlweni phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukhulisa umqadi usebenzisa izixhobo zamehlo ezinjengeebinotyhulasi, kunokuba yingozi.
Oku kungenxa yokuba umqadi owandisiweyo unokugqitha kumanqanaba ombane akhuselekileyo, nangona kungenabungozi kwiliso lenyama.
I-Laser diodes, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ze-fiber optic, kunye ne-laser speed detectors ziwela kudidi lwe-Class 1M.
Class 2 Lasers
Iilaser zeClass 2 zikhuselekile kakhulu ngenxa yendalo ye-blink reflex.
Ukuba ujonga i-beam, amehlo akho aya kuqhwanyaza ngokuzenzekelayo, ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa ngaphantsi kwe-0.25 imizuzwana-oku kudla ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela ingozi.
Ezi lasers zibeka umngcipheko kuphela ukuba ujonga ngabom kwi-beam.
Udidi lwe-2 lasers kufuneka lukhuphe ukukhanya okubonakalayo, kuba i-blink reflex isebenza kuphela xa ubona ukukhanya.
Ezi lasers zihlala zilinganiselwe kwi-1 milliwatt (mW) yamandla aqhubekayo, nangona kwezinye iimeko, umda unokuba phezulu.
Iklasi ye-2M Lasers
Iilaser zeClass 2M ziyafana neClass 2, kodwa kukho umahluko ophambili:
Ukuba ujonga umqadi ngezixhobo zokukhulisa (njengeteleskopu), i-blink reflex ayiyi kukhusela amehlo akho.
Kwanokufikelela nje kancinci kumqadi owongeziweyo kunokubangela ukwenzakala.
IiLaser zeClass 3R
Iilaser zodidi lwe-3R, njengezikhombisi ze-laser kunye nezinye izikena ze-laser, zinamandla ngakumbi kuneKlasi yesi-2 kodwa zisakhuselekile xa ziphathwa ngokuchanekileyo.
Ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo kwi-beam, ngokukodwa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ze-optical, kunokubangela umonakalo wamehlo.
Noko ke, ukuzichanaba ngokufutshane akuyongozi.
Iilaser zodidi lwe-3R kufuneka zithwale iilebhile ezicacileyo ezilumkisayo, njengoko zinokubeka umngcipheko ukuba zisetyenziswe kakubi.
Kwiinkqubo ezindala, iClass 3R yabizwa ngokuba yiKlasi IIIa.
IiLaser zeClass 3B
Iilaser zodidi lwe-3B ziyingozi ngakumbi kwaye kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo.
Ukubonakaliswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-boam okanye ukubonakaliswa kwesibuko kunokubangela ukulimala kwamehlo okanye ukutshisa kwesikhumba.
Kuphela zisasazekile, izibonisi ezisasazekileyo zikhuselekile.
Umzekelo, iilaser zodidi lwe-3B eziqhubekayo akufuneki zigqithe kwi-0.5 watts kubude be-wavelengths phakathi kwe-315 nm kunye ne-infrared, ngelixa ii-laser ze-pulsed kuluhlu olubonakalayo (400–700 nm) akufuneki zidlule kwi-30 millijoules.
Ezi lasers ziqhele ukufunyanwa kwimiboniso yokukhanya yokuzonwabisa.
Class 4 Lasers
Iilaser zodidi lwesi-4 zezona ziyingozi kakhulu.
Ezi lasers zinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba zibangele ukwenzakala kwamehlo kunye nolusu oluqatha, kwaye zinokuqalisa imililo.
Zisetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso efana nokusika i-laser, i-welding, kunye nokucoca.
Ukuba ukufutshane neClass 4 laser ngaphandle kwamanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo, usemngciphekweni omkhulu.
Kwanokubonakala ngendlela engangqalanga kunokubangela umonakalo, kwaye izinto ezikufutshane zinokutsha.
Hlala unxiba izixhobo zokukhusela kwaye ulandele imigaqo yokhuseleko.
Ezinye iisistim ezinamandla amakhulu, njengoomatshini bokumakisha belaser abazenzekelayo, ziiLaser zeClass 4, kodwa zinokuvalwa ngokukhuselekileyo ukunciphisa umngcipheko.
Umzekelo, oomatshini beLaserax basebenzisa iilaser ezinamandla, kodwa benzelwe ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko lweKlasi loku-1 xa luvalwe ngokupheleleyo.
Iingozi ezahlukeneyo zeLaser ezinokwenzeka
Ukuqonda iiNgozi zeLaser: Iliso, ulusu, kunye nemingcipheko yomlilo
Iilaser zinokuba yingozi ukuba aziphathwa kakuhle, zineentlobo ezintathu zeengozi eziyintloko: ukwenzakala kwamehlo, ukutsha kwesikhumba, neengozi zomlilo.
Ukuba inkqubo yelaser ayihlelwanga njengoDidi loku-1 (elona nqanaba likhuselekileyo), abasebenzi kwindawo kufuneka basoloko benxibe izixhobo zokukhusela, njengeeglasi zokhuseleko zamehlo kunye neesuti ezikhethekileyo zolusu lwabo.
Ukwenzakala kwamehlo: Eyona ngozi imbi kakhulu
Ukulimala kwamehlo kwiilaser yeyona nto ixhalabisa kakhulu kuba inokubangela umonakalo osisigxina okanye ubumfama.
Nasi isizathu sokuba kwenzeke ezi nzakala kunye nendlela yokuthintela.
Xa ukukhanya kwelaser kungena elisweni, i-cornea kunye ne-lens zisebenzisana ukuze zigxininise kwi-retina (ngasemva kweliso).
Oku kukhanya kugxininisekile ke kusetyenzwa bubuchopho ukwenza imifanekiso.
Noko ke, la malungu eliso—i<em>cornea, i<em>lens, ne<em>retina —zisengozini enkulu yokonakaliswa yilaser.
Naluphi na uhlobo lwelaser lunokwenzakalisa amehlo, kodwa amanye amaza okukhanya ayingozi kakhulu.
Ngokomzekelo, oomatshini abaninzi be-laser engraving bakhupha ukukhanya kwi-infrared esondeleyo (700-2000 nm) okanye i-infrared (4000-11,000 + nm) imida, engabonakaliyo kwiliso lomntu.
Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kutsalwa kancinci ngumphezulu weliso ngaphambi kokuba kugxile kwiretina, nto leyo enceda ekunciphiseni impembelelo yayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukukhanya kwe-infrared kudlula olu khuseleko ngenxa yokuba alubonakali, oku kuthetha ukuba ifikelela kwi-retina ngamandla apheleleyo, iyenza ibe yingozi ngakumbi.
La mandla agqithisileyo anokuyitshisa iretina, nto leyo ekhokelela kubumfama okanye umonakalo omkhulu.
I-Lasers ene-wavelengths engaphantsi kwe-400 nm (kwi-ultraviolet range) nayo inokubangela umonakalo we-photochemical, njenge-cataracts, ebonwa ngamafu ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Olona khuselo lungcono kumonakalo wamehlo welaser kukunxiba iiglasi zokhuseleko ezichanekileyo.
Ezi glasi ziyilelwe ukufunxa amaza okukhanya okuyingozi.
Umzekelo, ukuba usebenza ngeLaserax fiber laser system, uya kufuna iiglasi ezikhusela kwi-1064 nm wavelength ukukhanya.
Iingozi zolusu: Ukutshisa kunye nokulimala kweefotochemical
Ngelixa ukonzakala kwesikhumba kwi-laser ngokuqhelekileyo kuncinci kunokulimala kwamehlo, kusafuna ukuhoywa.
Ukudibana ngokuthe ngqo ne-laser beam okanye imbonakalo yayo yesipili inokutshisa ulusu, kufana nokubamba isitovu esishushu.
Ubunzima bokutsha buxhomekeke kumandla e-laser, ubude be-wavelength, ixesha lokuvezwa, kunye nobukhulu bendawo echaphazelekayo.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zomonakalo wolusu ovela kwi-laser:
Ukonakala kweThermal
Kufana nokutshisa kwindawo eshushu.
Umonakalo weeMchiza
Njengokutshiswa lilanga, kodwa kubangelwa kukuvezwa kumaza athile okukhanya.
Nangona umonzakalo wolusu udla ngokungamandi kakhulu kunomonzakalo wamehlo, kusebalulekile ukusebenzisa iimpahla ezikhuselayo kunye nezikhuselo zokunciphisa umngcipheko.
Iingozi zomlilo: IiLasers zinokuvutha njani izinto
I-Lasers-ingakumbi i-laser ye-Class 4 enamandla kakhulu-ibeka ingozi yomlilo.
Imiqadi yabo, kunye naluphi na ukukhanya okubonakalisiweyo (nokuba zisasazeke okanye zihlakazekile izibonakaliso), zinokutshisa izinto ezinokutsha kwindawo engqongileyo.
Ukuthintela imililo, iilaser zeKlasi yesi-4 kufuneka zivalelwe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye iindlela zazo ezinokuthi zibonakalise kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo.
Oku kuquka ukubalwa kweengxelo ezithe ngqo nezisasazekileyo, ezisenokuthwala amandla awoneleyo okuqalisa umlilo ukuba okusingqongileyo akulawulwa ngononophelo.
Yintoni Class 1 Laser Product
Ukuqonda iileyibhile zoKhuseleko lweLaser: Zithetha ukuthini ngokwenene?
Iimveliso zeLaser kuyo yonke indawo ziphawulwe ngeeleyibhile ezilumkisayo, kodwa ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba zithetha ukuthini ezi lebhile?
Ngokukodwa, ithetha ntoni ileyibhile ethi "Class 1", kwaye ngubani ogqibayo ukuba zeziphi iilebhile eziya kweziphi iimveliso? Masiyiqhekeze.
Yintoni iClass 1 Laser?
I-laser ye-Class 1 luhlobo lwe-laser oluhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yokhuseleko ebekwe yi-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Le migangatho iqinisekisa ukuba iilaser zodidi loku-1 zikhuselekile ngokwendalo ukuba zisetyenziswe kwaye azifuni manyathelo ongezelelweyo okhuseleko, njengolawulo olukhethekileyo okanye izixhobo zokukhusela.
Yintoni iMveliso yeLaser yodidi loku-1?
Iimveliso ze-laser zodidi loku-1, kwelinye icala, zinokuqulatha iilaser ezinamandla aphezulu (ezinje ngeKlasi 3 okanye iClass 4 lasers), kodwa zivalelwe ngokukhuselekileyo ukunciphisa umngcipheko.
Ezi mveliso zenzelwe ukugcina umqa we-laser uqulethwe, ukuthintela ukuvezwa nangona i-laser ngaphakathi inokuba namandla ngakumbi.
Uyintoni Umahluko?
Nangona zombini ii-lasers zodidi loku-1 kunye neemveliso ze-laser zodidi loku-1 zikhuselekile, azifani ncam.
Iilaser zodidi loku-1 ziilaser zamandla aphantsi ezenzelwe ukuba zikhuseleke phantsi kokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokhuseleko olongezelelweyo.
Umzekelo, unokujonga ngokukhuselekileyo umqadi welaser weKlasi yoku-1 ngaphandle kwempahla yamehlo ekhuselayo kuba inamandla aphantsi kwaye ikhuselekile.
Kodwa imveliso ye-laser yodidi loku-1 inokuba nelaser enamandla ngakumbi ngaphakathi, kwaye ngelixa ikhuselekile ukuyisebenzisa (kuba ivalelwe), ukuvezwa ngokuthe ngqo kusenokubangela umngcipheko ukuba indawo ebiyelweyo yonakele.
IiMveliso zeLaser ziLawulwa njani?
Iimveliso zeLaser zilawulwa kumazwe ngamazwe yi-IEC, ebonelela ngezikhokelo kukhuseleko lwelaser.
Iingcaphephe ezisuka kumazwe angama-88 zinegalelo kule migangatho, zihlelwe phantsiumgangatho we-IEC 60825-1.
Ezi zikhokelo ziqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ze-laser zikhuselekile ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Nangona kunjalo, i-IEC ayinyanzelisi le Migangatho ngokuNgqo.
Ngokuxhomekeke apho ukhoyo, abasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni baya kuba noxanduva lokunyanzelisa imithetho yokhuseleko lwelaser.
Ukulungelelanisa izikhokelo ze-IEC ukuze zihambelane neemfuno ezithile (ezifana nezo zikwimeko yezonyango okanye yoshishino).
Ngelixa ilizwe ngalinye linokuba nemimiselo eyahlukileyo kancinane, iimveliso zelaser ezihlangabezana nemigangatho ye-IEC zamkelwa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba imveliso idibana nemigangatho ye-IEC, ikholisa ukuthobela nemigaqo yasekhaya, iyenza kukhuseleke ukusetyenziswa ukunqumla imida.
Kuthekani ukuba iMveliso yeLaser ayikho iClass 1?
Ngokufanelekileyo, zonke iinkqubo ze-laser ziya kuba ludidi loku-1 ukuphelisa umngcipheko onokuthi ubekho, kodwa eneneni, uninzi lwe-lasers alulo udidi loku-1.
Iinkqubo ezininzi zelaser zamashishini, ezifana nezo zisetyenziselwa ukumakisha i-laser, i-laser welding, ukucocwa kwelaser, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwelaser texturing, ziiClass 4 lasers.
IiLaser zodidi lwesi-4:Iilaser ezinamandla aphezulu ezinokuba yingozi ukuba azilawulwa ngononophelo.
Ngelixa ezinye zezi lasers zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezilawulwayo (njengamagumbi akhethekileyo apho abasebenzi banxiba izixhobo zokhuseleko).
Abavelisi kunye nabahlanganisi bahlala bethatha amanyathelo ongezelelweyo ukwenza i-laser yodidi lwesi-4 ikhuseleke.
Bakwenza oku ngokuvala iisistim zelaser, ezithi ziguqule ngokusisiseko zibe ziimveliso zelaser zodidi loku-1, ziqinisekisa ukuba zikhuselekile ukuba zingasetyenziswa.
Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi iMithetho esebenzayo kuwe?
Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo kunye nolwazi ngoKhuseleko lweLaser
Ukuqonda uKhuseleko lweLaser: iMigangatho, iMithetho, kunye neZibonelelo
Ukhuseleko lwelaser lubalulekile ekuthinteleni iingozi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela eyiyo kweenkqubo zelaser.
Imigangatho yeshishini, imimiselo karhulumente, kunye nezibonelelo ezongezelelweyo zibonelela ngezikhokelo ezinceda ukugcina ukusebenza kwe-laser kukhuselekile kuye wonke umntu obandakanyekayo.
Nalu ucazululo olulula lwezixhobo eziphambili zokukukhokela ekuqondeni ukhuseleko lwelaser.
ImiGangatho ePhambili yoKhuseleko lweLaser
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufumana ukuqonda okubanzi kokhuseleko lwelaser kukuziqhelanisa nemigangatho esekiweyo.
La maxwebhu asisiphumo sentsebenziswano phakathi kweengcali zeshishini kwaye anikezela ngezikhokelo ezithembekileyo malunga nendlela yokusebenzisa iilaser ngokukhuselekileyo.
Lo mgangatho, uvunywe yi-American National Standards Institute (ANSI), ipapashwe yiLaser Institute of America (LIA).
Yenye yezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo kuye nabani na osebenzisa i-laser, ebonelela ngemithetho ecacileyo kunye neengcebiso zeendlela ezikhuselekileyo zelaser.
Ibandakanya ukuhlelwa kwelaser, iiprothokholi zokhuseleko, nokunye okuninzi.
Lo mgangatho, nawo uvunyiwe yi-ANSI, ulungiselelwe ngokukodwa icandelo lemveliso.
Ibonelela ngezikhokelo zokhuseleko ezineenkcukacha zokusetyenziswa kwe-laser kwindawo yoshishino, iqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo zikhuselwe kwiingozi ezinxulumene ne-laser.
Lo mgangatho, nawo uvunyiwe yi-ANSI, ulungiselelwe ngokukodwa icandelo lemveliso.
Ibonelela ngezikhokelo zokhuseleko ezineenkcukacha zokusetyenziswa kwe-laser kwindawo yoshishino, iqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo zikhuselwe kwiingozi ezinxulumene ne-laser.
Imigaqo kaRhulumente kuKhuseleko lweLaser
Kumazwe amaninzi, abaqeshi banoxanduva olusemthethweni lokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabaqeshwa babo xa besebenza ngeelaser.
Nantsi isishwankathelo semimiselo efanelekileyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo:
Amazwe Amanyene:
Isihloko se-FDA sama-21, iSigaba se-1040 simisela imigangatho yokusebenza kweemveliso ezikhupha ukukhanya, kuquka iilaser.
Lo mmiselo ulawula iimfuno zokhuseleko kwiimveliso ze-laser ezithengiswa kwaye zisetyenziswe e-US
Khanada:
Canada Labor Code kunyeIMimiselo yeMpilo noKhuseleko eMsebenzini (SOR/86-304)misela izikhokelo zokhuseleko kwindawo yokusebenza.
Ukongeza, uMthetho weRadiation Emitting Devices Act kunye noMthetho woKhuseleko noLawulo lweNyukliya ujongana nokhuseleko lokusasazeka ngemitha kunye nempilo yokusingqongileyo.
IYurophu:
EYurophu, iUmyalelo 89/391/EECigxile kukhuseleko nempilo emsebenzini, ibonelela ngesikhokelo esibanzi sokhuseleko emsebenzini.
II-Artificial Optical Radiation Directive (2006/25/EC)ijolise ngokukodwa ukhuseleko lwelaser, ukulawula imida yokuvezwa kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko kwimitha yokubona.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-20-2024