Lokhu Yikho Konke Odinga Ukukwazi mayelana Nokuphepha Kwe-Laser
Ukuphepha kwe-laser kuncike ekilasini le-laser osebenza nayo.
Lapho inombolo yekilasi iphezulu, kulapho uzodinga khona izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe.
Hlala unaka izexwayiso futhi usebenzise okokuvikela okufanele lapho kudingeka.
Ukuqonda izigaba ze-laser kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlala uphephile ngenkathi usebenza noma eduze kwama-laser.
Ama-Lasers ahlukaniswa ngamakilasi ahlukene ngokusekelwe emazingeni awo okuphepha.
Nakhu ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile kwekilasi ngalinye nokuthi yini okudingeka ukwazi ngayo.
Ayini Amakilasi E-Laser: Kuchaziwe
Qonda Amakilasi E-Laser = Ukwandisa Ukuqwashisa Ngokuphepha
I-Class 1 Lasers
Amalaser ekilasi loku-1 awuhlobo oluphephe kakhulu.
Azinangozi emehlweni ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile, ngisho noma zibukwa isikhathi eside noma ngezinsimbi zokukhanya.
Lawa ma-laser ngokuvamile anamandla aphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile ama-microwatt ambalwa nje.
Kwezinye izimo, ama-laser anamandla aphezulu (njengeClass 3 noma Class 4) avalelwe ukuze awenze Ikilasi 1.
Isibonelo, amaphrinta e-laser asebenzisa ama-laser anamandla amakhulu, kodwa njengoba evalelwe, abhekwa njengamalaser Ekilasi 1.
Awudingi ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha ngaphandle uma okokusebenza konakele.
I-Class 1M Lasers
Amalaser ekilasi 1M afana namalaser Ekilasi 1 ngoba ngokuvamile aphephile emehlweni ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
Kodwa-ke, uma ukhulisa i-beam usebenzisa amathuluzi okubona njengama-binoculars, ingaba yingozi.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-beam ekhulisiwe ingadlula amazinga wamandla aphephile, nakuba ingenabungozi ngeso lenyama.
Ama-laser diode, amasistimu okuxhumana e-fiber optic, nezitholi zejubane le-laser ziwela esigabeni se-Class 1M.
I-Class 2 Lasers
Amalaser ekilasi 2 aphephile kakhulu ngenxa ye-blink reflex yemvelo.
Uma ubheka ugongolo, amehlo akho azocwayiza ngokuzenzekelayo, anciphise ukuchayeka kube ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-0.25—lokhu ngokuvamile kwanele ukuvimbela ukulimala.
Lawa ma-laser abeka engcupheni kuphela uma ugqolozela ugongolo ngamabomu.
Amalaser ekilasi 2 kufanele akhiphe ukukhanya okubonakalayo, njengoba i-blink reflex isebenza kuphela uma ukwazi ukubona ukukhanya.
Lawa ma-lasers ngokuvamile akhawulelwa ku-1 milliwatt (mW) wamandla aqhubekayo, nakuba kwezinye izimo, umkhawulo ungaba phezulu.
I-Class 2M Lasers
Amalaser e-Class 2M afana neClass 2, kodwa kunomehluko oyinhloko:
Uma ubuka i-beam ngamathuluzi okukhulisa (njengetheleskopu), i-blink reflex ngeke ivikele amehlo akho.
Ngisho nokuchayeka kafushane kumsebe okhulisiwe kungabangela ukulimala.
I-Class 3R Lasers
Ama-laser e-Class 3R, njengezikhombi ze-laser nezinye izikena ze-laser, anamandla kakhulu kune-Class 2 kodwa asaphephile uma ephathwa ngendlela efanele.
Ukubheka ngqo i-beam, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa izinsimbi ezibonakalayo, kungabangela ukulimala kwamehlo.
Nokho, ukuchayeka kafushane ngokuvamile akulimazi.
Amalaser ekilasi 3R kufanele aphathe amalebula acacile ayisixwayiso, njengoba angadala ubungozi uma esetshenziswa kabi.
Ezinhlelweni ezindala, Ikilasi 3R lalibizwa ngokuthi Ikilasi IIIa.
I-Class 3B Lasers
Amalaser ekilasi 3B ayingozi kakhulu futhi kufanele aphathwe ngokuqapha.
Ukuchayeka okuqondile ensikeni noma ekukhanyeni okunjengesibuko kungabangela ukulimala kwamehlo noma ukusha kwesikhumba.
Ukuboniswa okuhlakazekile kuphela, okusabaleleyo okuphephile.
Isibonelo, ama-laser we-Continuous-wave Class 3B laser akumele eqe ama-watts angu-0.5 wobude obungamaza aphakathi kuka-315 nm ne-infrared, kuyilapho ama-laser adonswayo ebangeni elibonakalayo (400–700 nm) akufanele eqe ama-millijoules angu-30.
Lawa ma-laser avame ukutholakala emibukisweni yokukhanya yokuzijabulisa.
I-Class 4 Lasers
Amalaser ekilasi lesi-4 ayingozi kakhulu.
Lawa ma-laser anamandla ngokwanele ukuba abangele ukulimala okukhulu kwamehlo nesikhumba, futhi angakwazi nokuqala imililo.
Asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zezimboni njengokusika kwe-laser, ukushisela, nokuhlanza.
Uma useduze nelaser Yekilasi 4 ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha, usengozini enkulu.
Ngisho nokubonisa okungaqondile kungabangela umonakalo, futhi izinto eziseduze zingase zibambe umlilo.
Gqoka njalo amagiya okuvikela futhi ulandele izimiso zokuphepha.
Amanye amasistimu anamandla amakhulu, njengemishini yokumaka ye-laser ezenzakalelayo, angamalaser Ekilasi 4, kodwa angavaleka ngokuphephile ukuze kwehliswe izingozi.
Isibonelo, imishini ye-Laserax isebenzisa ama-laser anamandla, kodwa aklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana namazinga okuphepha Ekilasi 1 lapho evalelwe ngokugcwele.
Izingozi Ezingenzeka Ze-Laser Ezihlukene
Ukuqonda Izingozi Ze-Laser: Izingozi Zeso, Isikhumba, Nomlilo
Ama-laser angaba yingozi uma engaphathwa kahle, anezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezingozi: ukulimala kwamehlo, ukusha kwesikhumba, nezingozi zomlilo.
Uma isistimu ye-laser ingekho kusigaba soku-1 (isigaba esiphephe kunazo zonke), abasebenzi endaweni kufanele bahlale begqoke izinto zokuzivikela, njengezibuko zokuphepha zamehlo abo namasudi akhethekile esikhumba sabo.
Ukulimala Kwamehlo: Ingozi Ebi Kakhulu
Ukulimala kwamehlo kuma-laser kuwukukhathazeka okubucayi kakhulu ngoba kungabangela umonakalo unomphela noma ubumpumputhe.
Nakhu ukuthi kungani lokhu kulimala kwenzeka nokuthi kungavinjelwa kanjani.
Lapho ukukhanya kwe-laser kungena esweni, i-cornea ne-lens kusebenza ndawonye ukuze kugxile kuyi-retina (ingemuva leso).
Lokhu kukhanya okugxilile kube sekucutshungulwa ubuchopho ukuze kwakhe izithombe.
Nokho, lezi zingxenye zamehlo—i-cornea, i-lens, ne-retina—zisengozini enkulu yokulimala kwe-laser.
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-laser lungalimaza amehlo, kodwa amanye amaza okukhanya ayingozi kakhulu.
Isibonelo, imishini eminingi yokuqopha nge-laser ikhipha ukukhanya kububanzi obuseduze kwe-infrared (700–2000 nm) noma i-far-infrared (4000–11,000+ nm), ezingabonakali ngeso lomuntu.
Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kumunca kancane indawo yeso ngaphambi kokuba kugxile ku-retina, okusiza ukunciphisa umthelela wayo.
Kodwa-ke, ukukhanya kwe-infrared kudlula lesi sivikelo ngoba asibonakali, okusho ukuthi sifinyelela ku-retina ngokuqina okugcwele, okuyenza ibe yingozi kakhulu.
La mandla engeziwe angashisa i-retina, okuholela ebumpumputheni noma ekulimaleni okukhulu.
Amalaza anobude obungamaza angaphansi kuka-400 nm (ebangeni le-ultraviolet) nawo angabangela ukulimala kwe-photochemical, njengama-cataract, okubona ngamafu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isivikelo esingcono kakhulu emonakalweni wamehlo we-laser ukugqoka izibuko zokuphepha ezilungile.
Lezi zibuko ziklanyelwe ukumunca amaza okukhanya ayingozi.
Isibonelo, uma usebenza ngesistimu ye-laser fibre laser, uzodinga izibuko ezivikela ekukhanyeni okungu-1064 nm we-wavelength.
Izingozi Zesikhumba: Ukushiswa Nokulimala Kwezithombe
Nakuba ukulimala kwesikhumba okuvela kumalaser ngokuvamile akubi kakhulu kunokulimala kwamehlo, kusadinga ukunakwa.
Ukuthintana okuqondile ne-laser beam noma imibukiso yayo efana nesibuko ingashisa isikhumba, njengokuthinta isitofu esishisayo.
Ubukhulu bokusha buncike emandleni e-laser, ubude begagasi, isikhathi sokuchayeka, nobukhulu bendawo ethintekile.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokulimala kwesikhumba kusuka kuma-lasers:
Ukulimala Okushisayo
Okufana nokusha okuvela endaweni eshisayo.
Ukulimala Kwezithombe
Njengokushiswa yilanga, kodwa okubangelwa ukuchayeka kumaza okukhanya athile.
Nakuba ukulimala kwesikhumba ngokuvamile akubi kakhulu kunokulimala kwamehlo, kusabalulekile ukusebenzisa izingubo zokuzivikela nezihlangu ukuze unciphise ubungozi.
Izingozi Zomlilo: Indlela Ama-Lasers Angavutha Ngayo Izinto
Amalaza—ikakhulukazi ama-laser Ekilasi 4 anamandla amakhulu—adala ingozi yomlilo.
Imishayo yazo, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukukhanya okubonisiwe (ngisho nokusakaza noma ukubonisa okuhlakazekile), kungathungela izinto ezivuthayo endaweni ezungezile.
Ukuze uvimbele imililo, amalaza e-Class 4 kufanele avalwe kahle, futhi izindlela zawo zokubonisa ezingase zibe khona kufanele zicatshangelwe ngokucophelela.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubala kokubili kokubonisa okuqondile nokusabalalisayo, okusengakwazi ukuthwala amandla anele ukuqala umlilo uma imvelo ingalawulwa ngokucophelela.
Yini i-Class 1 Laser Product
Ukuqonda Amalebula Okuphepha Kwe-Laser: Asho Ukuthini Ngempela?
Imikhiqizo ye-laser yonke indawo imakwe ngamalebula ayisixwayiso, kodwa ingabe wake wazibuza ukuthi lawa malebula asho ukuthini ngempela?
Ngokukhethekile, isho ukuthini ilebula ethi "Class 1", futhi ubani onqumayo ukuthi yimaphi amalebula angena kumiphi imikhiqizo? Asihlephule.
Iyini i-Laser ye-Class 1?
Ilaser Yekilasi 1 iwuhlobo lwelaser oluhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuphepha ezibekwe yi-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Lawa mazinga aqinisekisa ukuthi amalaser Ekilasi 1 aphephile ngokwemvelo ukuze asetshenziswe futhi awadingi izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe, njengezilawuli ezikhethekile noma okokusebenza kokuzivikela.
Iyini Imikhiqizo Ye-Laser Yekilasi Lokuqala?
Imikhiqizo ye-laser yekilasi 1, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingaqukatha ama-laser anamandla amakhulu (njengama-laser Ekilasi 3 noma Ekilasi 4), kodwa avalelwe ngokuphephile ukuze kwehliswe izingozi.
Le mikhiqizo yakhelwe ukugcina i-laser beam iqukethe, ukuvimbela ukuchayeka nakuba i-laser ngaphakathi ingaba namandla kakhulu.
Uyini Umehluko?
Noma womabili ama-laser e-Class 1 kanye nemikhiqizo ye-laser ye-Class 1 iphephile, ayifani ncamashi.
Amalaser ekilasi 1 amalaser anamandla aphansi adizayinelwe ukuthi aphephe ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa okuvamile, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuvikela okwengeziwe.
Isibonelo, ungabheka ngokuphephile i-laser ye-Class 1 engenazo izingubo zamehlo ezivikelayo ngoba inamandla aphansi futhi iphephile.
Kodwa umkhiqizo we-laser we-Class 1 ungaba ne-laser enamandla kakhulu ngaphakathi, futhi ngenkathi kuphephile ukuyisebenzisa (ngoba ivalelwe), ukuchayeka okuqondile kusengadala izingozi uma indawo ebiyelwe ilimale.
Ilawulwa Kanjani Imikhiqizo Ye-Laser?
Imikhiqizo ye-laser ilawulwa ngamazwe ngamazwe yi-IEC, ehlinzeka ngemihlahlandlela mayelana nokuphepha kwe-laser.
Ochwepheshe abavela emazweni angaba ngu-88 banikela kulawa mazinga, ahlanganiswe ngaphansiI-IEC 60825-1 ejwayelekile.
Le mihlahlandlela iqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-laser iphephile ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
Nokho, i-IEC Ayiwasebenzisi Ngqo La Mazinga.
Kuya ngokuthi ukuphi, iziphathimandla zendawo zizoba nesibopho sokuphoqelela imithetho yokuphepha nge-laser.
Ukulungisa imihlahlandlela ye-IEC ukuze ivumelane nezidingo ezithile (njengalezo ezisezilungiselelweni zezokwelapha noma zezimboni).
Nakuba izwe ngalinye lingase libe nemithethonqubo ehluke kancane, imikhiqizo ye-laser ehlangabezana namazinga e-IEC ngokuvamile yamukelwa emhlabeni wonke.
Ngamanye amazwi, uma umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-IEC, ngokuvamile uhambisana nemithetho yendawo, okwenza kuphephe ukusetshenziswa ngaphesheya kwemingcele.
Kuthiwani Uma Umkhiqizo We-Laser Ungekho I-Class 1?
Ngokufanelekile, zonke izinhlelo ze-laser zingaba Ikilasi 1 ukuze kuqedwe izingozi ezingaba khona, kodwa empeleni, amalaser amaningi awawona Ikilasi 1.
Amasistimu amaningi e-laser yezimboni, afana nalawo asetshenziselwa ukumaka nge-laser, ukushisela nge-laser, ukuhlanzwa nge-laser, nokuthumela umbhalo nge-laser, angama-Class 4 lasers.
I-Class 4 Lasers:Amalaser anamandla aphezulu angaba yingozi uma engalawulwa ngokucophelela.
Nakuba amanye alawa ma-laser asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezilawulwayo (njengamakamelo akhethekile lapho abasebenzi begqoka khona amagiya okuphepha).
Abakhiqizi nabahlanganisi bavame ukuthatha izinyathelo ezengeziwe ukuze benze amalaser ekilasi lesi-4 aphephe kakhudlwana.
Lokhu bakwenza ngokuvala amasistimu e-laser, awaguqula abe yimikhiqizo ye-laser ye-Class 1, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi aphephile ukusetshenziswa.
Uyafuna ukwazi ukuthi Imiphi Imithetho Esebenza Kuwe?
Izinsiza Ezengeziwe & Ulwazi Ngokuphepha Kwelaser
Ukuqonda Ukuphepha Kwe-Laser: Amazinga, Imithethonqubo, Nezinsiza
Ukuphepha kwe-laser kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni izingozi kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle kwezinhlelo ze-laser.
Amazinga emboni, imithetho kahulumeni, nezinsiza ezengeziwe zinikeza imihlahlandlela esiza ukugcina ukusebenza kwe-laser kuphephile kuwo wonke umuntu ohililekile.
Nakhu ukuhlukaniswa okwenziwe lula kwezinsiza ezibalulekile zokukuqondisa ekuqondeni ukuphepha kwe-laser.
Amazinga Abalulekile Okuphepha Kwe-Laser
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola ukuqonda okuphelele kokuphepha kwe-laser ukuzijwayeza namazinga amisiwe.
Lawa madokhumenti awumphumela wokubambisana phakathi kochwepheshe bemboni futhi anikeza imihlahlandlela ethembekile yokuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani ama-lasers ngokuphepha.
Leli zinga, elivunywe yi-American National Standards Institute (ANSI), lishicilelwe yi-Laser Institute of America (LIA).
Ingenye yezinsiza ezibaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani osebenzisa ama-laser, ehlinzeka ngemithetho ecacile nezincomo zemikhuba ye-laser ephephile.
Ihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-laser, izivumelwano zokuphepha, nokunye okuningi.
Leli zinga, futhi eligunyazwe yi-ANSI, lenzelwe umkhakha wokukhiqiza.
Inikeza imihlahlandlela enemininingwane yokuphepha yokusetshenziswa kwe-laser ezindaweni zezimboni, iqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi namathuluzi avikelekile ezingozini ezihlobene ne-laser.
Leli zinga, futhi eligunyazwe yi-ANSI, lenzelwe umkhakha wokukhiqiza.
Inikeza imihlahlandlela enemininingwane yokuphepha yokusetshenziswa kwe-laser ezindaweni zezimboni, iqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi namathuluzi avikelekile ezingozini ezihlobene ne-laser.
Imithetho Kahulumeni Yokuphepha Kwe-Laser
Emazweni amaningi, abaqashi banesibopho esingokomthetho sokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi babo lapho besebenza ngamalaser.
Nakhu okufingqiwe kwemithethonqubo efanele ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene:
I-united states:
Isihloko 21 se-FDA, Ingxenye 1040 sisungula izindinganiso zokusebenza zemikhiqizo ekhipha ukukhanya, okuhlanganisa namalaser.
Lo mthetho ulawula izidingo zokuphepha zemikhiqizo ye-laser ethengiswa futhi esetshenziswa e-US
E-Canada:
Ikhodi Yezabasebenzi yaseCanada kanye neImithetho Yezempilo Nokuphepha Emsebenzini (SOR/86-304)beka imihlahlandlela ethile yokuphepha emsebenzini.
Ukwengeza, i-Radiation Emitting Devices Act kanye ne-Nuclear Safety and Control Act zibhekana nokuphepha kwemisebe ye-laser kanye nempilo yemvelo.
I-Europe:
EYurophu, iIsiqondiso 89/391/EECigxile ekuphepheni nempilo emsebenzini, ihlinzeka ngohlaka olubanzi lokuphepha emsebenzini.
II-Artificial Optical Radiation Directive (2006/25/EC)iqondise ngokuqondile ukuphepha kwe-laser, ilawula imikhawulo yokuchayeka kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha emisebeni yokubona.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-20-2024